Translated
from the original by Costas Balomenos
Picture 1: Bagkavantgkita and Avesta
The latest decades, Greece
Wishing our article is
to be found complete we quote at the end "the Book of the Dead", which does not belong
to a particular religion, but many. At first publish
a world map with the
distribution of each religion. We
believe that we deliver to
our readership, which both supported us all these
years, one of the most complete
our jobs. Before letting
you enjoy our investigation,
it is worth mentioning how the population is
all religion. Invoked the last census found
that is from the year 2009:
Major religions of the world (mid 2009)
Christians
|
2,264,492,000
|
Muslims
|
1,523,212,150
|
Hindus
|
935,460,000
|
Buddhists
|
483,821,000
|
Chinese folk religion
|
454,579,800
|
Sikhs
|
24,222,700
|
Jews
|
14,549,000
|
Below are the religions in alphabetical order:
1. BUDDHISM
2. HINDUISM
3. JUDAISM
4. ISLAM OR MOHAMMEDANISM
5. CONFUCIANISM
6. PARCISM
7. SIKHISM
8. SHINTO
9. TAOISM
10. JAINISM
11. CHRISTIANITY
12. BOOK OF THE DEAD
Picture 2: World Map of religions
BUDDHISM
1. Avantanas: sacred
book of Buddhism, which highlighted the role of the Bodhisattva. The Bodhisattva
is brilliant beings
who proceed to become enlightened
Buddha i.e. But while they have the
opportunity to enter Nirvana, Paradise somewhat
of Buddhists, still with their desire to remain
in this mortal world of compassion for
other beings to help
and contribute to their
salvation. The word avantana
means act that is worthy of respect and admiration, which
can be either an individual sacrifice for the good of
others or the building of a
temple of Buddha
2. Ka-tziour, Tan-tziour:
Collections holy books of Tantric or Vajrayana
Buddhism. These collections are mainly based on Tibetan Buddhist literature, which
relies mainly Tantric
Buddhism and thrived from the 8th century A.D. and then when began translating from Sanskrit
standards. The “Ka – tziour” (bka - 'gyur) is a collection of
100 volumes with
contents of the monastic rule and
tantric texts. The
“Tan – tziour”
(Tan - 'gyur) consists of 225 and
includes memoranda and a variety of religious
treatises.
3. Canon Pali:
Holy book of
one of the three branches of Theravada Buddhism.
Named after the language has been prepared. Also
called “Tipitaka” or in Sanskrit “Tripitaka”, something similar to the Greek word “triptych”, which means “three baskets”. It consists of the collections “Binaya Pitaca”
which is the lone rule contains the principles and obligations
of the Buddhist monastic life, “Shutta Pitaca” that exposes the Buddhist teachings,
echoing key the preaching of Buddha, and “Ampintamma Pitaca”, a collection containing analyzes, interpretations and classifications
philosophical and psychological theories. This rule was
finalized in the first B.C.
century in Sri
Lanka (Ceylon
4. Chinese Tripitaka: Collection of Mahayana Buddhism. But
it must be said here that the
Mahayana Buddhism, unlike Theravada Buddhism has
no holy books rule, which was a decision to
Buddhist Synod. So
the believer depending on which school is giving
special emphasis and attention on some of the many texts of Mahayana Buddhism. These
are very long secretariat,
whose creation began almost 2,000 years
ago. Only a minor portion is maintained in Sanskrit, while most are translations
into different languages mainly in
Chinese, such as “Chinese Tripitaka”. The layout
is similar to that of “Canon Pali”. So divided
in “Monastic
Canon” (Lou), “Teaching”
(Ching) and “Scholastic philosophy” (Lun). It
is basically the entire library
of sacred and secular texts. The oldest list
of “Chinese Tripitaka”, from the early 6th century A.D., report 2,113 projects. The
latest version of the Japanese Taisho, conducted
in 1924 - 1929 runs in 55 volumes, each of
which has about 1000 pages.
Later it also published and supplement of 35 volumes.
HINDUISM
1. Agkamas: Sacred Hinduistic
(Hindu) texts contain teachings and ritual. Are known 100 visnouistics,
28 shivaistics and 77 Shactics Agkamas.
2. Aranyakas: Hindu
holy books. Their name means “Forest Books”, i.e. destined to someone
studying in the solitude
of the forest. The “Aranyakas”
still the most famous books of Hinduism the
'Brahmins' and address issues
typically sacrificial mysticism and symbolism.
3. Vagkavantgkita or Bhagavat - Gita:
Hindu religious poem,
the inscription means “Song of the Highest” and consisting of
700 verses later
incorporated in the famous epic
of Hinduism “Machavarata”. Considered one of the masterpieces of world poetry, on par with the Homeric epics and the Song
of Songs in the Bible. Its composition is placed between the second century B.C.
and in the second
century A.D. and
has been commented on by the great
masters of theology of Hindu god Krishna , as
the main sacred text of this
confession. The “Vagkavantgkita”
negotiates what was said
in the form of a dialogue between the king Ntritarastra and his charioteer of
Santzagia for a battle
that took place between two rival
tribes but relatives of NW India, from
which one has in
the ranks of the Arjuna son of god Indra.
The Santzagia carries
the king of the
dialogue between Arjuna and the god Krishna ,
who in principle is presented as mortal, but later
reveals his true nature.
The project is a systematic reference
to the practice of sacrifices that
are the cornerstone of Indian religious tradition, in whose context, the work place
and Yoga, a method for the approximation
of reality, the “Vagkavantgkita”
equates to the absolute beginning of the universe called "Brahman". Above the “Brahman”
in the project, is the Divine, the Absolute, which can make its presence felt in any way it wants.
Towards the end of the work gets philosophical in nature and deals mainly with the theory of knowledge and the qualities
of nature. The dialogue between Prince Arjuna and
Krishna is determined by God, who thus
giving the mortal interlocutor
of divine effulgence and make him agree to give
the final battle, which will be the
triumph of the race Pantavas.
4. Veda or Vedas: Collection of the oldest
sacred books of Hinduism, while in the oldest surviving
texts integrated form of the
family of Indo - European
languages. The name Veda declares knowledge and
comes from the root vid-, which generated the Greek
eidenai (ειδέναι) = know and the Latin videre = see
and the German Wissen = Knowledge.
The books which are
considered by Hindus godsend and include hymns
and odes provisions regulating ceremonies and sacrifices lyrical prayers,
magic formulas and refrains. These books originally transmitted
from generation to generation orally
and later captured.
The collection is divided into four
sections, each from a different school spread of
Hinduism: “Rig - Veda”, “Giatzour - Veda”, “Sama - Veda” and
“Atharva - Veda”.
There are differences of opinion about
dating. The prevailing for the 'Rig - Veda
"is that it belongs to 1000 B.C. although
some of the hymns that were seen as early as 1500 BC
Vedic texts are
certainly religious, but illuminate simultaneously, except the history of
religion, and the social, economic
and cultural relations of the
peoples of the Indian peninsula
earlier era, but
of course give accurate chronological
data. These are mainly amounts tribes of Aryans, martial tribes from Iran
Of the four parts of the collection, the “Rig - Veda” is the oldest and
most important in religious
significance and contains 1,028
hymns (Soucta) totaling 10,562
turns, which are 10 books (Mandala). The hymns are varying extent, the shortest ……., the most
extensive fifty-eight. They are certainly compositions
for different seasons, containing
hymns to the gods, prayers,
curses and mythical narratives. In these invocations are
many gods, but
the greatest of
these is Indra the king of the gods, and Agni, the god of fire. Many hymns
contain lyrical descriptions
of switching on the fire,
the tenders, the preparation and
the libation (Soma). Few hymns include
historical descriptions, mythical themes and very little cosmogonic
and eschatological teachings. Hierarchy in certain
pantheon does not exist.
The deities are shown to be influenced by the prayers and sacrifices of the people and in return offer wealth in
animals, luck in war, while
sin is the bond,
which is repealed by ritualistic
cleansing. During the hymn 10.90 creation
of the world is the result of sacrifice and dismemberment of an ancient man (Purusha), which by its members created the
universe. This hymn represents
the social model of four classes (Varna), because in the description, the Brahmans - priests
of Hinduism – comes from the mouth of the dismembered,
the Xatries, the royal and military
order from his hands, the Vaïsies, merchants, from
his thighs and Sountres,
the lower class, from his feet.
The “Giatzour - Veda” consists of 5
parts, of which the 4 first parts are
characterized as black “Giatzour
- Veda” and
the fifth as white
“Giatzour – Veda”.
The black includes interpretative prose texts and white, subsequent to the black, religious rites and prayers. The special feature is
the types of sacrifices (Giatzour).
The "Sama - Veda" consisting
of three in verse books and four collections
of chants. Its content is largely taken
from the 'Rig - Veda "is quite
primitive melody and
refers to provisions that regulate
the ceremonies and sacrifices. The “Rig - Veda”, the “Giatzour - Veda” and “Sama - Veda” unity are known
as “Triveda” which every Brahmin should possess well.
The “Atharva - Veda”,
the fourth part is written in prose, consisting of 20 books, including magical
formulas and refrains and rescued two types, the “Saounaka”,
which is the most widespread,
and “Paipalanta”, which is followed today only a few families in Orissa, a federal state in eastern
India. Also contains cosmogonic teachings,
but not at the level of “Rig - Veda”. So in a hymn, the year
(kala) considered the beginning of all things, while the Book of Hymns “Rohita”,
Rohita = red
i.e. the sun, celebrated
as the beginning of the world.
5. Vedanta: The title of
this book means “The end of «Veda».” Is a collection of 108 Hindus, small religious
and philosophical texts, belonging to the older “Upanishads”, word
for secret meetings and is something similar to the New Testament of Christianity.
When the Brahmins, the priests of Hinduism, they
led the Vedic
religion to boundless ritualism, religion
ended in a technique that interested only order of priests and could not satisfy either the needs of the simple people who sought
a faith and a
consolation, nor needs of the
educated, who were searching for the
beginning of things and the essence of life. So the upper classes not only
refused the dead ritual,
but they created a spiritual movement
that found its expression in “Upanishads”.
The "Vedanta"
is written in prose and embellished with didactic and
- at case -lyrical turns. The oldest, largest and most important texts is “Brichantaranyaka Upanishad” and “Tsantogkia Upanishad”. These texts refer to
the problems of “being” and “non-being”,
i.e. the existence or non-existence,
and in particular show the Atman, the soul - so to speak - of
Hinduism, every individual not as a mortal ego,
but as a secret presence
on the place and
time, beyond passion and single, although
it exists at all, so coincident with the
Brahma, i.e. the ultimate principle
of the universe. For the first
time with “Vedanta”, salvation is not apparent from the
ritual, but from
knowledge. The problem here is to
find the explanation of how
the resulting human
and cosmic duality between “is” and “Becoming”, time
and eternity, Atman (Atman is perceived here
as the “world soul”)
and things. Already in some “Upanishads” this process is related to the one
with Karma, i.e. the acts that the
individual made in life
and accordingly gave
positive energy or negative energy, and the
other with Avintia, the ignorance. Thus supported, that from the
ignorance the act follows,
that every act drags
a chain of thoughts and actions that only
knowledge can lead to liberation
from the mortal world we live in and that
Karma define that
the acts of the existence of any person necessarily predetermine new being to be born of
the reincarnation or transmigration of the soul. The
basic theory of “Vedanta” is monistic.
According to this, the only real is “Brahman” or “Atman”, which is not expressed, nor defined,
while the world of phenomena, i.e. the external existence (nature, etc.) is an illusion, an illusion,
called “Maya”.
6. Brahmans: Sacred texts
of Indians, which is commentary on other
sacred texts of Hinduism the “Vedas” and the syntax of “Brahmins” is
reduced to around 700 B.C.
about. His main content
is the interpretation of modes of sacrifice, their importance and the relevance of each to sacrifice worldly,
physical and other elements and phenomena.
In the field of Hinduism represented by the Vedic religion, the pure
ritual gradually gaining
more and more importance. Thus in the hymns of “Sama - Veda” and “Giatzour - Veda”
the act of sacrifice is the center of gravity of religiosity which the believer manifests, while the deity, which refers
to the sacrifice goes into
second place. This retreat of divinity in relation to the ritual finding the absolute in “Brahmins”. The rules
(vidi) and the explanations
(arthavanta) have emerged from the discussions of the Vedic schools. Many
times interlocked texts
of the “Vedas” with those of “Brahmins”. For example the “Sama - Veda”
contains two “Brahmin” or in
the White “Giatzour - Veda” belongs the “Satapatha – Brahmins”.
The gods in "Brahman" is the same as
the gods of the Vedic religion only some of
them change names and destination eg Shiva
consecrate by the name Rudra etc. The cosmogony based on the myth
of Pratzapati, the deity that created man and
who through asceticism
(tapas) releases the world. In
the "Brahmin" is also
the first step in the basic teaching of
metempsychosis, after showing for the first time the idea
that good deeds can affect
the lives of good and those who had offered sacrifices,
so in the world beyond to find a new death, and
therefore a new
birth.
Even the
"Brahmins" constitute the initial phase of Indian philosophy and concepts that would
later become important, such as the concepts rupees (format,
visible) and Nama (name, invisible, inner essence).
7. Gkitagkovinta: Sacred
book of Hinduism, the religious most excellent specimen - erotic
poetry of India ,
his "miraculous" poet
of Bengal , Tzagianteva (12th century
AD). In this described
the love of Radha and Krishna , the god, the jealousy
between them, their
separation and reunification.
Rada was the most beloved of his
mistresses - wives of Krishna .
They attribute to him and
secret meaning, as
Radha symbolizes the soul that is attractive from the god.
8. Machavarata: One of
the two largest national epics of India
9. Upanishads: Mean “secret
meetings” and are Hindu sacred texts
as supplements and pleadings to “Veda” continuing the collections “Aranyakas” and “Brahman”. These are texts from
various ages and are the main
source of Brahmanism.
Their relationship towards “Vedas” are correspondingly something akin to the relationship of the New Testament against
the Old. The “Upanishads”
emphasize the unity of Atman and Brahman
and are characterized by the fact that the
religious stuff prioritize
knowledge over anything
else.
10. Puranas: The word
means “ancient narrations”.
Are sacred books of
Hinduism, according to “Vedas” of Vedism and Brahmanism.
There are 18 different Puranas, of which the
most important are the Vagkavat Purana
and Vishnu Purana
god. The syntax of these various holy books dating from the first centuries
of Christianity, but it is obvious that much of the material is reduced to the previous seasons.
Under the old definition,
a Purana must address
the following five issues:
1. Creation
2. Reconstruction, ie the periodic destruction and renewal of the Worlds
3. Genealogy of the gods
4. Seasons of Manu, ie long periods, each defined by a new tribal leader of the human race
5. The history of the genera, namely older and younger royal families, the beginning goes back to the Sun and the Moon.
2. Reconstruction, ie the periodic destruction and renewal of the Worlds
3. Genealogy of the gods
4. Seasons of Manu, ie long periods, each defined by a new tribal leader of the human race
5. The history of the genera, namely older and younger royal families, the beginning goes back to the Sun and the Moon.
In this context
the varied inweave mythical, teaching ritual hymnographical etc. material
tradition of Hinduism.
11. Ramayana: The most important after "Machavarata" national epic of Indians while Hinduism holy
book. His influence on thought and spirit
of North India especially has seen
and labeled by experts and that it surpasses even the
Bible in the spirit of the West.
The work exposes the
struggles of the god Rama, who
thought it was the seventh incarnation of
the god Vishnu, against Ravana,
the chief of the demons Raxa. It consists of 24,000
couplets (slokas), i.e. it has more than twice the extent of the Iliad
and Odyssey combined. Attributed to Valniki, "the first surname of the Indian poet," and is thought to have been written between the 4th and 3rd centuries B.C.
12. Sutras: The third layer
of the religious literature of the
ancient Indians, after the 'Vedas' and 'Brahman'. These rituals
typically written in prose and style of
excommunication and destined
to be remembered by the students.
Distinguished in Sraouta
- Sutras, referred
in large sacrificial ceremonies in Gkrygia
- Sutras, dealing
the regulations rituals which become at home, at birth, marriage, death,
etc. and Dharma -
Sutras to arrange
the tasks to each
case.
13. Tantras: Indian
treatises inspired the stream of Tantrism, one
of the oldest trends of Indian religiosity. In
Hindu tradition, the Tantras is didactical
talks of god Shiva
and his wife Devi, while the Buddhist tradition are meditation Buddha as a historical person. These texts have ambiguities in the wording and symbolism, with
many elliptical sentences,
which were deliberately with a view to not be useful to the uninitiated. The Tantras are usually anonymous, but
their synopses and explanatory notes
to these are works branded writers. There are even tantric “Upanishads” i.e. other
Hindu holy texts, hymns
and typical rituals.
JUDAISM
1. Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) : It is a collection of sacred books.
The establishment of this
collection is a kind of list called "rule"
followed by a long and complex process which is
not in all its phases known.
Although several books of the Hebrew Bible are the product collection of texts, such
as for example the book of “Psalms” which is a collection of hymns, prayers and
other poems, the beginnings of
the establishment of the “rule”
should be placed in the 5th century B.C., where the
priest and secretary of the
Jewish community, which had just
been established after the captivity of Babylon, modulates the collection of books of the “Law” (Jewish
Torah) is known as the “Pentateuch.” Along with the “Law” began to gain normal strength and the collections or words
of the prophets reported in
works or action
attributed to them, as well as poetry collections
or works containing words of wisdom and sayings etc. Indeed, as
evidenced by the prologue of the
Greek translation of a book of
the Hebrew Bible, the “Wisdom of Syrah,”
already in the second
century B.C. had
established a collection of holy texts of Judaism, which
included three groups of books: “Law,” “Prophets” and “Patria” or “Other
Books”. Here and the reference: “That's
why my grandfather, Jesus has
dealt above all to the study
of the law, the prophets and the other ancestral books and became familiar with them.” The existence of a similar collection with a tripartite division “Law”, “Prophets” and “Psalms”
and alludes the second holy book of
Christianity, the New Testament, the
Gospel of Luke: “These
I meant by the words I said when I was still
with you, i.e. they must all
be fulfilled what is written about me in the Law of
Moses, the prophets and the Psalms” Luke 24:44. Eventually the “canon” of
the Hebrew Bible takes its final
form in 90 A .D. a rabbinical synod in
the city of Iamneia in Palestine Palestine
Picture 3: The books of the Hebrew Bible
2. Talmud: The word means
teaching, study, wisdom. Is the oral
tradition of Judaism which was recorded between the 5th century BC and sixth century AD
and contains teachings,
discussions, opinions and comments
of the Law and the Prophets of the Old Testament, wise proverbs, anecdotes and scientific treatises. For this reason it
is of great importance and value, and could be described as a kind of general Jewish Literature.
The “Talmud” has two forms, from Jerusalem or Palestine
and from Babylon Jerusalem or Palestine
The first
and oldest part of the "Talmud" is the “Mishnah” namely the repetition
and interpretation of the Law,
which contains 63 treatises completed at the end
of the second and
early third century A.D., is written in (after the Bible) Hebrew language otherwise misnaïki, which differs greatly from the biblical to the syntax and
vocabulary, and uses many Aramaic,
Greek and Latin words. The “Tosefta”
is supplement of the “Mishnah”
with various provisions which were
later added to the original body.
Expansion and interpretation of the “Mishnah”
is the “Gkemara” as the second
and subsequent part of the “Talmud”. This process and clarifies obscurely excerpts of the “Mishnah” and cites
on these legal debates
eminent Rabbis teachers
namely Judaism, rules of ethics and religious life,
prayers and wise sayings.
Now as for the understanding of the “Talmud” is achieved through the methods of interpretation of “Halala” and “Chagkada.” The “Halala” is a legal concept and clarifies legal provisions. The “Chagkada” is constructive in nature and aims to historical religious
and moral explanation of the “Talmud”. However, the information contained in “Chagkada”
historical information is not entirely
accurate. Finally, it should be said that this
“Chagkada” except religious themes
contains metaphysical searches,
visions for the future, Mathematics,
Medicine, Astronomy, Physics, Botany, etc.
ISLAM OR MOHAMMEDANISM
1. Qur'an: The Qur'an
(al-Qur'an) is the holy book of Islam. The
Arabic word “Kouran” comes from the Semitic verb qara'a, meaning reading, announcement,
preaching. Until the death
of Muhammad 632 AD not appear to have been written some version
of revelations that Muhammad claims that he
received from God/Allah. According
to Islamic tradition, Muhammad's successor, Abu Bakr from 632 to 634 AD
made an attempt collection
and systematization of these revelations. But
since circulated several versions of these revelations,
the third Caliph Othman
the 644 to 656 formed
- through a committee - the text of the Qur'an which was recognized as authentic and were ordered to destroy any script or variation.
And it could not be otherwise since the earthly Koran is considered a true copy of uranium which kept constantly with God / Allah.
Therefore, it could be in heaven over one
Koran. Certainly the idea that formulated by Muhammad in on
Quran uranium “Rather it is a
glorified Quran (which is written) in table well
protected (from conversion and
decay)” Qur'an 85:21 - 22 anything but original is.
Exists in Judeo-Christian
apocalyptic Secretariat.
Specifically in the Jewish apocryphal
book of “Jubilee” which recounts the story of Genesis to Exodus
chapter 12. The story then is given in the
form of God's revelation to
Moses which is based on a source that is written in “heavenly plaques” in “And for this reason the order was written on
the heavenly plaques in
relation to made this” Jubilee 3:10 but in the 3:31, 4:5, etc. Regarding Christianity is
the apocryphal book "The Shepherd of Herma"
which asserts that this book is given as a copy any
way divine original booklet, Horacio 2:1.
But the revelation
of the Koran from the archangel Gabriel to
Muhammad “(that) it (the
Qur'an) is really the reason
one honored messenger
(Gabriel), endowed with the
strength and position of honor in the Lord of
the Throne, by obeying authority there (and)
worthy of trust in
the transport of inspiration. And
(O! People!), Your companion (the
Muhammad) is not crazy. And - no doubt -
(Muhammad) saw him (Gabriel)
in the clear horizon.” Qur'an 81:19 - 23 is likewise on “Jubilee”
which reveal that
angel of the Lord spoke to Moses what exactly
should write in the Pentateuch: “And the angel of the
person spoke to Moses by the word of
the Lord, saying: Write all the history of creation ...” Jubilee 2:1.
Likewise and the apocryphal book of Enoch appears to
have been written by Enoch
after celestial apparition
that the angels
revealed to him and even that he learned from the
heavenly plaques. Here
and the evidence: «And Enoch
said: “On children of justice and on the elite of the world and on straightness of the plant I will
speak these things, in fact me Enoch I do your will known unto you,
my sons, according to what appeared to me
in the heavenly
apparition, which knew through the word of the holy angels and learned of heavenly
plaques”» Enoch
93:2
Then although the text of the Quran is supposed to be itself the Word of God / Allah - something completely understood and respected by us for a loyal Muslim - we note that the first person of the text is not always the God / Allah: sometimes as in
the first chapter,
addressed the faithful in God / Allah through prayer, other times it is the prophet
Muhammad speaks, Chapter
11: 2 to 3 and sometimes as in Chapter 85it
is not clear the subject. Let alone the Quran
can not be the Word
of God / Allah because it is not possible that God / Allah confuses
Maria (Our Lady) with Miriam the sister
of Aaron, Qur'an 19:27 -
28. Neither is it possible that God / Allah assert that
created the stars - which are missiles - to turn away the demons! “And we
have indeed adorned the lower heaven (the lowest), with lamps (stars) and we
do missiles for (to turn away away) the demons, which
is why we have prepared the fiery torture of Fire.” 67:5
In terms
of content and structure of the
text of the Qur'an, the reader
who is addicted to reading
the Bible in one
big surprise awaits. Because the text of Koran characterized by heterogeneity
and deficiency of chronological
sequence of events described, so be no internal structure. Besides, the first chapters referring to disclosures made ex post in
Medina and
the latest revelations made
in advance to the city
of Mecca
The Qur'an also called Book is
divided into 114 chapters (Surat Surat
2. Hadith: The religious
tradition of Islam that supplementing the Koran and is considered the second source after that. Comes
from the Arabic word hadit which means announcement
and used in the sense of announcement sayings or way of dealing from Muhammad practical issues
of the religion.
The “Hadith” began to be created once after the death of Muhammad, the
faithful wanted to refer to a written or oral information about how he had faced
various specific problems they had expressed as advice or command, what took place in various questions and
how did his followers after the advice from
him. Because until the end of
the 7th century AD
appeared in several
short texts claiming to be Prophet but who had mixed pre-islamic or non-islamic elements appeared simultaneously some who were called “men of tradition” in Arabic ahl
al – hadith, who were knowledgeable of the genuine traditions
oral or written and
created the first collections.
But the problem remained how to stand out the genuine from the false traditions. The proposal made by some, that rule authenticity is
their agreement with the Koran or frequent use
has been found insufficient and
so those that were genuine classified
into 3 categories:
1. Authenticated (sahih)
1. Authenticated (sahih)
2. Nice
(hasan) and not completely
reliable
3. Weak (daif), which
are treated with great circumspection.
By the end of the ninth century AD the “Hadith” was classified
by the name of their institution (musnad). After classified by subject according
to the practical needs of Islamic
jurisprudence. The most important
collection called as - Sahih (The correct) and was made by al - Buhari (810 - 870 AD). In total is 6 collections. The
other 5 are as follows:
Muslim (817/821 - 875 AD), Abu - Dawud (817 - 888 AD), al Tirmidhi (892 AD), Ibn Madja
(824 - 886 AD) and al - Nasa 'i (915 AD).
The 6 collections were considered as normal by the largest tenet of Islam Sunnis who
constitute 90% of Muslims worldwide. The other tenet
of Islam Shiites have
their own “Hadith” considering
as genuine those
referred to Muhammad’s his
son-in-law Ali and his followers.
CONFUCIANISM
1. King or Ηingk: Term in Chinese means the
book and used to denote a collection of 5 books (Wu - King), which for the
Chinese is something respective to the Christian “Bible.” The
books of this collection are: I - King (I - King) or Gi - King
(Yi - King) which means “Book
of Changes” and deals with Cosmology
and Oracular, Sue -
King (Schu - King) i.e. “Book of sources”
and has to do with History,
Shi - King (Schi
- King) “Book of Odes” and deals with Poetry,
Li - Ki (Li - Ki) “Book of Etiquette”, which plays important role in the eastern peoples, especially regarding the typical rituals and Chun
- Tsiou (Tsch'un
- ts'iu) i.e. “Spring and Autumn”, which deals with ethics. Those projects that
traditionally has yielded one of the greatest teachers of the Chinese Kung Fu Tse, known in the West as Confucius,
but considered subsequently, it's likely to rescue in their content older material.
2. Stse - shou:
A collection of 4 classic books of Confucianism, which, like textbooks Wu -
King, belonging to
the rule of Confucian literature.
The collection Stse - shou, including
books post-Confucian era consisting of the Lun – gou, containing
conversations of Confucius with his pupils and rulers of his time,
the Ta-shio i.e. "Great teaching" and The Kung - Jung that means "Measure and middle."
All these are short writings attributed to Confucius’grandson,
the Kung -
Kich. As a fourth book is recognized the philosophical work of Meng
- tse, the known
with the Latin name of Mencius (Menkios) who lived from 372 to 289 BC, argued
that a state can only stand on moral principles.
PARCISM
1. Avesta: Collection holy books of
Zoroastrianism, the Masdakismus
of Masdaismus, and Zendismus. The concept
of “Avesta” founded on an
understanding of each one of the books are:
The “Gkathas” i.e. the Psalms are attributed to Zoroaster, founder of Zoroastrianism and are supposed that the prophet wrote in their
half of the
seventh century BC somewhere in Central Asia,
then entirely inhabited
by the eastern Iranian tribes.
The “Gkathas” express the religious revolution of
Zoroaster in Iranian polytheism. They are 248 turns by
17 chapters of “Jasna”.
Functional texts form the remaining part of
“Jasna” = Function. From the language and its contents seems that the authors, downstream of Zoroaster, associated with maintaining older Iranian gods, whom the
great prophet had rejected.
The “Visprat” = all referees, is a
collection of hymns and invocations,
that their content also
highlights the deterioration of
the teaching of Zoroaster.
The “Giasts” = hymns that help rebuilding of Iranian polytheistic
substrate, certifying the common Indo-European root of the religion of
the Iranians and Indians and help
in understanding the fission of Zoroastrikis
faith and the end of Achaemenid religion. In “Giasts” include and
hymns to particular gods:
the Lady of the waters, Arentvi Sura Anahita
= the “Almighty, immaculate Arentvi”, which subsequently evolved in
mithraic, masdaic and zendic Anahita, the
Tisrya, the deified star Sirius, in Mithras in Verathragna
that corresponding to the Hindu Indra in Fravasis,
Haoma, in Sraosa
etc. Also in many other hymns already
found the origin of
the epic mythology of Masdaism as well as shows all the mythical rulers
from Chousangk until Vistaspa and other leading persons as the great teacher Karsasp
the legislature Ourvax - sayias etc. So the “Giasts” is
not only the theological basis of arsakidic polytheistic
religion, but also the
substrate of Sassanian nationalism, which used to overthrow it, leaving most completely inapplicable
the sassanidic intention to restore the
original Zoroastrian spirit.
The “Vintevntat” which in ancient Persian pronounced “Ventintant” and means “Law against evil spirits”,
is rich in epic mythical items and information
about cults, types, customs, traditions and social features, and offers excellent image
of the end of the Achaemenides and the principle of
arsakidikes years. Some other short texts found at the end of the “Avesta”, but some of them were not considered always his segments.
The tradition of “Avesta”
is in many questionable. Two originally recorded
on golden signs, consequently in Achaemenid cuneiform writing,
copies of it must have been
lost in the Greek
conquest of Persepolis by Alexander the Great, and his extracts have been collected than five and a half centuries after the founder of the
sassanidic dynasty Artaxerxes A’
Papacan (Arntasir A’, 224-241 AD),
but according to another tradition, more
responsive to things, a copy on parchment of
the signs had been rescued
off the Alexandrian
territory area in Adar Gousnap today
Taht - e - Suleiman , the main sanctuary
space since the Achaemenid
year of the limited Zoroaster priesthood. With tradition
and recording of “Avesta” in the Sassanid years
were associated Tansar, semi-mythical face,
Sapour B’ (309-379 AD) and the priest Atourpat,
Machraspant ’son, who around 340 AD gave
approval to the select the text of the “Avesta”. The confrontation with the Masdakism has revealed serious
differences for the credibility of
many advertised then
as authentic, avestic
texts. The same
flows and by the configuration of
Zervanism and Gkagiomarntism.
As the Gousnap Adar had not been
destroyed and Tamparistan the current Mazantaran that is an oblong strip
of land between the Caspian
sea and Elbrouz had
changed in venue Sassanids
archival material and anti-Muslim nationalists was undertaken an effort rebuilding
Iranian national past,
but displayed as
vindicated within Islam and especially in the Shiite version. In this effort
due to it and the oldest
today surviving manuscripts
of the “Avesta” 13th-14th century AD, which
were disseminated to the
co-religionists of the Iranian plateau and Zendists
of India, where in 1758 found them Abraham Hyacinth Anketi -
Ntyperron, the first “iranology” and then other scientists. In rebuilding the
whole operation “Avesta” by modern scientists 18th-19th century AD
has contributed decisively
the translation medium- Persian “meta-vestics” sacred texts and parts mainly to “Jasna” in Sanskrit and Gkoutzrati, which is
alive today and
Hindi languages, such
as Sanskrit course. But these translated parts of the “Avesta”
were based on other translations from the mid Persian what are known as Pahlevi. So these
are called Zant
by the Zendistes and
the sacred text “Zend – Avesta”, a term that the scientists wrongly used
until the last century.
Translations of “Avesta” in mid Persian were aimed at addressing of then ascending Masdakism that the sacred texts were written in the live
language of the people and direct and naturally had
greater appeal on the spread
of Masdakism.
2. Ain - Namé: Sacred
masdaistic book of the Sassanids year, which is known only from Arabic translations.
Means "Book of Rules"
and discusses issues rules of conduct, many of whom
were rescued real basis in Shiite Islam.
His rhetoric and bombastic
tone corresponds to
the imperial yard of the sassanid class and
the national character of Masdaism.
SIKHISM
1. Granth: The name means
Bible. Is a collection of 3,384 hymns, which is the holy book of the Sikh religion or Sikhism as they say
otherwise. This collection was made in 1604 by
Arjuna, the fifth Guru i.e. the teacher
of this religion. In the beginning
Arjuna codified his personal compositions and the compositions of the four preceding Gurus of the religion which he
represented. Later the collection was enlarged,
including the composition of Arjuna successors. It also includes lyrics Muslim and Hindu teachers.
However, the followers of that religion
speak for an anti-Granth i.e. a primary Bible.
The definitive conformation was made in
1706 by the tenth Guru, the Gompint
Singh, who has proclaimed
this as successor in 1708. Either way, however, noteworthy is the fact that the followers of Sikhism attach adoration in it throughout this book. A luxurious copy
is always exposed
to popular pilgrimage in the “Golden
Temple” of Amritsar in India, and every night is
a official procession with torchlight
provided for overnight accommodation in a marble palace
and every morning return to the “golden temple”
where believers bedews the pilgrimage
with flowers. Indeed, in the era of British sovereignty, were attributed and military
honors. The founder of Sikhism, Gnome composed
hymns in the language pountzapi. He later recorded
with special alphabet, created by the second Guru,
the Ankant, known as gourmoukhi.
SINTOISM
1. Kotzigki: Collection of Japanese texts, along
with the collection Nichongki
is the main source of the tradition of the Shinto the Japanese’s
traditional religion. The name of the project means a "History of events in ancient times." The work was written in 712
AD with the encouragement of the imperial court, and included the
whole mythical and religious
material, which until then handed orally. Shall be composed of 3 books,
the first of which contains the myths of the gods and
the other two traditions for the
past of Japan
2. Nichongki: Collection of Japanese texts, along
with the collection Kotzigki is the main source
of tradition of Shinto the
traditional religion of the
Japanese. It is understood as
"Chronicles of Japan" and is the first official
history of the Japanese state,
originally written in Chinese. Written in
final form around
720 AD and consist of 30
books. Distinguished from Kotzigki
- which discusses the mythological and religious
material - because it deals
exclusively with the
historical material of Shinto.
TAOISM
1. Tao - te - king: Holy
book of Taoism one
of the three main religions of China
JAINISM
1. Anougiogka: Sacred
Book of Ntigkampara branch of Jainism or
Jinism, Indian ascetic
religion, diarchy and atheistic principles. The
Ntigkampara claim that the holy Scriptures jainic
“Sintanta” destroyed in 789 AD and thus in their place they accept Anougiogka.
The word Anougiogka means Reports and is a sacred collection having two old texts as core in
the old idiom Prakrit - group of
archaic local Indian dialects - supplemented by memos and other subsequent texts.
2. Sintanta: Sacred
Book of Svetampara, branch of Jainism or Jinism, Indian ascetic
religion, diarchy and atheistic
principles. Includes 12 “main parts” called
Angas and showing the Monasticism, the principles of the system
of Mahavira -
modulator of teaching of Jainism in the 6th
century BC -
the parables and his narrations. Besides the “main parts” contains
12 “minor parts” the Oupangkas,
developing methodical teaching of Jainism. The
collection includes lowercase and metrical texts and was made up gradually. These texts are written in Prakrit, a group of archaic local Indian dialects.
CHRISTIANITY
1. Holy Scripture
or Bible: Consists of two large collections of
sacred texts, the Old Testament and
the New Testament. The word
testament means now known as the one last wish.
But the Bible, the word means the agreement God has done with people. For the Christian Church,
the formation of the list “the rule” of the books of the Old Testament was quite
complicated. From the 3rd century BC, because
many Jews living outside Palestine and especially in Alexandria where there was a large and thriving Jewish community,
had forgotten their native language, began an effort to translate the books of the Hebrew Bible into Greek, the international language of that era, known by the name “Septuagint” or “O’”, because according to tradition, the translation made
to carry through 72 (because
of rounding called
Septuagint) Jewish sages who knew the
Greek. But apart from the 39 books of the Hebrew Bible were included and more books,
some of which, or parts
therefore were not translations
from the Hebrew original but written
in Greek. The spread of the “translation of the Septuagint” because it helped the Christian missionary, was adopted by the Church as holy Bible
without delimited clearly from the beginning, the number of the books, so several local
churches to follow various practices. Furthermore the schism Eastern and Western Church 1” , “Tovit”, “Judith”, “1
- 2 - 3 Maccabaeus” “Wisdom of Solomon”, “Wisdom
of Sirach”, “Baruch” and “Letter of Jeremiah”, i.e. a total of 49
books. The Roman Catholic Church followed a similar practice of accepting 46
books that distinguish into “first-normally” and “second-normally”.
In first-normally includes 39 books of the Hebrew Bible and in second-normally books “Tovit”, “Judith”, “1 - 2 Maccabaeus”, “Wisdom of Solomon”, “Wisdom of Sirach”, “Baruch” (+ “Letter of Jeremiah”) and
Greek additions to the books
“Esther” and “Daniel”. The churches that emerged from the Reformation accepted as normal the 39 books
of the Hebrew Bible. However common element to all
is that they categorize the books into three groups
" Historicals," “Poetics - Didactics" and “Prophetics”
in the series of books to vary in different versions of the Bible.
Adventure analogous to a lesser extent
but it has also experienced the “canon” of the New
Testament. There is evidence that at the end of the first century or early second century
AD collected the
letters of Paul in a kind of rule, as also
the witness Justin in the middle of the second century AD refers to
“the gospels” in plural identifying them as “memoirs of the Apostles”, which were read in worship
gatherings of believers along with the writings of the prophets. The question now is, when
the gospels with the letters and the other books of the New Testament were established as “Bible” as “New Testament”. We can answer that at the end of the
second century AD enumerated as normally most of the 27 books of
the New Testament.
Final station in the evolution and
the definitive configuration of the rule is the 39th celebratory
Letter of the Athanasius
(367 AD), which normally
referred to the 27 books of the New Testament. Below
is the list of books of the Bible according to the Orthodox Church:
BOOK OF THE DEAD
1. Book of the Dead: A collection of texts that contain instructions for eminent death and
the trip of the soul in the beyond, of
course conceivable, as a place
where life goes on. Such books are known from
various cultures, from the ancient Greek, where it was cultivated as a unique literary
genre, "the cathode
into Hell", with detailed descriptions
of the Underworld. From the world production have survived the books of
the dead in ancient Egyptian,
Mayas, Tibetan and Islam.
The Egyptian consists of 190 texts, which have diverse extent
and importance and come from different eras. In these texts
mainly are developed visions of the dead in relation to the mythical cycle of
the god Osiris and the practice
of magic.
The Maya book does not contain teachings
but a typical ritual with instructions and specifications. It has survived in 3 manuscripts
(Paris , Dresden and Madrid ), where the Spaniards have brought from America to
Europe .
According to this book, death is not an end, but
an evolution phase from life to death and from
death to life, realized with
reincarnations and implies the
existence with no eschatological end and transformation
of live and dead.
Unlike the Maya book, the book of Tibet
In the Islamic book,
the writing is attributed to the Prophet Muhammad, death is the beginning of new life and the life of embodied station is a long journey of the soul. So for the
believer death loses its terribleness
and becomes an opportunity to think the man the omnipotence, the tool
and the justice of God (Allah)
and it is precondition for
reaching the final destination.
REFERENCES
- Educational Encyclopedia: Religions
- Anastasios Giannoulatos: Traces of seeking the transcendental.
- Greek Bible Society: The Bible
- Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics.
Writer Christos Pal
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